References for the Neuro MRI Course
- Allen LM, Hasso AN, Handwerker J, Farid H. Sequence-specific MR imaging findings that are useful in dating ischemic stroke. Radiographics 2012; 32: 1285-1297.
- Al-Shafai LS, Mikulis DJ. Diffusion MR imaging in a case of acute ischemic optic neuropathy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006; 27: 255-257.
- Aribandi M, McCoy V, Bazan C. Imaging features of invasive and noninvasive fungal sinusitis: a review. Radiographics 2007; 27: 1283-1296.
- Arora R. Imaging spectrum of cerebellar pathologies: a pictorial essay. Pol J Radiol 2015; 80: 142-150.
- Bag AK, Davenport JJ, Hackney JR, Roy R, Fathallah-Shaykh HM. Case 212: chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids. Radiology 2014; 272: 940-947.
- Bakshi R, Caruthers SD, Janardhan V, Wasay M. Intraventricular CSF pulsation artifact on fast fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery MR images: analysis of 100 consecutive normal studies. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000; 21(3): 503-508.
- Berger JR, Aksamit AJ, Clifford DB, Davis L, Koralnik IJ, Sejvar JJ, Bartt R, Major EO, Nath A. PML diagnostic criteria: consensus statement from the AAN Neuroinfectious Disease Section. Neurology 2013; 80(15): 1430-1438.
- Bhat V, Bhat V. Neonatal neurosonography: A pictorial essay. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2014; 24(4): 389-400.
- Black DF, Morris JM, Lindell EP, Krecke KN, Worrell GA, Bartleson JD, Lachance, DH. Stroke-like migraine attacks after radiation therapy (SMART) syndrome is not always completely reversible: A case series. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013; 34: 2298-2303.
- Boellis A, di Napoli A, Romano A, Bozzao A. Pituitary apoplexy: an update on clinical and imaging features. Insights Imaging. 2014; 5(6): 753-762.
- Bradley WG. MR appearance of hemorrhage in the brain. Radiology 1993; 189(1): 15-26.
- Catford S, Wang YY, Wong R. Pituitary stalk lesions: systematic review and clinical guidance. Clin Endocrinol 2016; 85(4): 507-521.
- Chae EJ, Do KH, Seo JB, Park SH, Kang J-W, Jang YM, Lee JS, Song J-W, Song K-S, Lee JH, Kim AY, Lim T-H. Radiologic and clinical findings of Behçet disease: comprehensive review of multisystemic involvement. Radiographics 2008; 28(5): e31.
- Chao CP, Kotsenas AL, Broderick DF. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy: CT and MR imaging findings. Radiographics 2006; 26(5): 1517-1531.
- Dutra BG, da Rocha AJ, Nunes RH, Maia ACMJ. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: spectrum of MR imaging findings and their differential diagnosis. Radiographics 2018; 38(1): 169-193.
- Fink KR, Fink JR. Imaging of brain metastases. Surg Neurol Int 2013; 4(4): S209-S219.
- Fobben ES, Grossman RI, Atlas SW, Hackney DB, Goldberg HI, Zimmerman RA, Bilaniuk LT. MR characteristics of subdural hematomas and hygromas at 1.5 T. Am J Roentgenol 1989; 153: 589-595.
- Fragoso DC, Goncalves Filho AL, Pacheco FT, Barros BR, Aguiar Littig I, Nunes RH, Maia Junior AC, da Rocha AJ. Imaging of creutzfeldt-jakob disease: imaging patterns and their differential diagnosis. Radiographics 2017; 37: 234-257.
- Fukui MB, Williams RL, Mudigonda S. CT and MR imaging features of pyogenic ventriculitis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2001; 22(8): 1510-1516.
- Ganeshan D, Menias CO, Lubner MG, Pickhardt PJ, Sandrasegaran K, Bhalla S. Sarcoidosis from head to toe: what the radiologist needs to know. Radiographics 2018; 38(4): 1180-1200.
- Geibprasert S, Pongpech S, Jiarakongmun P, Shroff MM, Armstrong DC, Krings T. Radiologic assessment of brain arteriovenous malformations: what clinicians need to know. Radiographics 2010; 30: 483-501.
- Ginat DT, Meyers SP. Intracranial lesions with high signal intensity on T1-weighted MR images: differential diagnosis. Radiographics 2012; 32(2): 499-516.
- Given CA, Stevens BS, Lee C. The MRI appearance of tumefactive demyelinating lesions. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004; 182(1): 195-199.
- Gupta AK, Varma DR. Vein of Galen malformations: review. Neurol India 2004; 52(1): 43-53.
- Hallinan JT, Pillay P, Koh LH, Goh KY, Yu WY. Eye Globe Abnormalities on MR and CT in Adults: An Anatomical Approach. Korean J Radiol 2016; 17(5): 664-673.
- Hegde AN, Mohan S, Lath N, Lim CCT. Differential diagnosis for bilateral abnormalities of the basal ganglia and thalamus. Radiographics 2011; 31: 5-30.
- Herrera DA, Dublin AB, Ormsby EL, Aminpour S, Howell LP. Imaging findings of rhinocerebral mucormycosis. Skull Base 2009; 19(2): 117-125.
- Hingwala DR, Kesavadas C, Thomas B, Kapilamoorthy TR, Sarma PS. Imaging signs in idiopathic intracranial hypertension: Are these signs seen in secondary intracranial hypertension too? Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2013; 16(2): 229-233.
- Howard SA, Barletta JA, Klufas RA, Saad A, De Girolami U. Best cases from the AFIP: osmotic demyelination syndrome. Radiographics 2009; 29: 933–938.
- Huang BY, Castillo M. Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury: imaging findings from birth to adulthood. Radiographics 2008; 28: 417-439.
- Jones BV, Ball WS, Tomsick TA, Millard J, Crone KR. Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation: diagnosis and treatment of 13 children with extended clinical follow-up. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002; 23(10): 1717-1724.
- Kapur R, Sepahdari AR, Mafee MF, Putterman AM, Aakalu V, Wendel LJA, Setabutr P. MR imaging of orbital inflammatory syndrome, orbital cellulitis, and orbital lymphoid lesions: the role of diffusion-weighted imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2009; 30: 64-70.
- Karonen JO, Partanen PL, Vanninen RL, Vainio PA, Aronen HJ. Evolution of MR contrast enhancement patterns during the first week after acute ischemic stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2001; 22(1): 103-111.
- Kartal MG, Algin O. Evaluation of hydrocephalus and other cerebrospinal fluid disorders with MRI: An update. Insights Imaging 2014; 5(4): 531-541.
- Khalatbari K. Case 141: superficial siderosis. Radiology 2009; 250(1): 292-297.
- Kim SC, Ryoo I, Sun HY, Park SW. MRI findings of spontaneous intracranial hypotension: usefulness of straight sinus distention. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2019; 212(5): 1129-1135.
- Kimura-Hayama ET, Higuera JA, Corona-Cedillo R, Chávez-Macías L, Perochena A, Quiroz-Rojas LY, Rodríguez-Carbajal J, Criales JL. Neurocysticercosis: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 2010; 30(6): 1705–1719.
- Koeller KK, Rushing EJ. Medulloblastoma: a comprehensive review with radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 2003; 23: 1613-1637.
- Koeller KK, Shih RY. Viral and prion infections of the central nervous system: radiologic-pathologic correlation: from the radiologic pathology archives. Radiographics 2017; 37(1): 199-233.
- Kranz PG, Tanpitukpongse TP, Choudhury KR, Amrhein TJ, Gray L. Imaging signs in spontaneous intracranial hypotension: prevalence and relationship to CSF pressure. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2016; 37: 1374-1378.
- Lancella L, Esposito S, Galli ML, Bozzola E, Labalestra V, et al. Acute cerebellitis in children: an eleven year retrospective multicentric study in Italy. Ital J Pediatr 2017; 12; 43(1): 54.
- Larrue V, von Kummer R, Müller A, Bluhmki E. Risk Factors for Severe Hemorrhagic Transformation in Ischemic Stroke Patients Treated With Recombinant Tissue Plasminogen Activator. Stroke 2001; 32 (2): 438.
- Larsen J, Wharton SB, McKevitt F, Romanowski C, Bridgewater, C, Zaki H, Hoggard N. ‘Low grade glioma’: an update for radiologists. Br J Radiol 2017; 90: 20160600.
- Lazzaro NA, Wright B, Castillo M, Fischbein NJ, Glastonbury CM, Hildenbrand PG, Wiggins RH, Quigley EP, Osborn AG. Artery of Percheron infarction: imaging patterns and clinical spectrum. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2010; 31(7): 1283-1289.
- Leach JM, Fortuna RB, Jones BV, Gaskill-Shipley MF. Imaging of cerebral venous thrombosis: current techniques, spectrum of findings, and diagnostic pitfalls. Radiographics 2006; 26: S19-S43.
- LeBedis CA, Sakai O. Nontraumatic orbital conditions: diagnosis with CT and MR imaging in the emergent setting. Radiographics 2008; 28(6): 1741-1753.
- Lee GT, Antelo F, Mlikotic AA. Cerebral toxoplasmosis. Radiographics 2009; 29(4): 1200-1205.
- Lee M, Kim MS. Image findings in brain developmental venous anomalies. J Cerebrovasc Endovasc Neurosurg 2012; 14(1): 37-43.
- Lo CP, Chen SY, Lee K-W, Chen W-L, Chen C-Y, Hsueh C-J, Huang G-S. Brain injury after acute carbon monoxide poisoning: early and late complications. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007; 189: W205-W211.
- Lopez Bernus A, Muñoz-Galindo A, Moreirobarroso MT, Velasco-Tirado V, Carpio-Perez A, Belhassen-Garcia M. Wernicke encephalopathy and central pontine myelinolysis: an underdiagnosed combination in alcoholics. Journal of Neurological Sciences 2015; 32(2): 418-423.
- Luthra G, Parihar A, Nath K, Jaiswal S, Prasad KN, Husain N, Husain M, Singh S, Behari S, Gupta RK. Comparative evaluation of fungal, tubercular, and pyogenic brain abscesses with conventional and diffusion MR imaging and proton MR spectroscopy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2007; 28(7): 1332-1338.
- Maas RP, Muller-Hansma AH, Esselink RA, Murk JL, Warnke C, Killestein J, Wattjes MP. Drug-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: a clinical, radiological, and cerebrospinal fluid analysis of 326 cases. J Neurol 2016 Oct; 263(10): 2004-2021.
- Mahalingam HV, Mani SE, Patel B, Prabhu K, Alexander M, Fatterpekar GM, Chacko G. Imaging Spectrum of Cavernous Sinus Lesions with Histopathologic Correlation. Radiographics 2019; 39: 795-819.
- Metz I, Radue EW, Oterino A, Kümpfel T, Wiendl H, Schippling S, Kuhle J, Sahraian MA, Gray F, Jakl V, Häusler D, Brück W. Pathology of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in multiple sclerosis with natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Acta Neuropathol 2012 Feb;123(2): 235-245.
- Miller-Thomas MM, Sipe AL, Benzinger TL, McConathy J, Connolly S, Schwetye KE. Multimodality Review of Amyloid-related Diseases of the Central Nervous System. Radiographics 2016; 36(4): 1147-1163.
- Miskin N, Patel H, Franceschi AM, Ades-Aron B, Le A, Damadian BE, Stanton C, Serulle Y, Golomb J, Gonen O, Rusinek H, George AE. Diagnosis of normal-pressure hydrocephalus: use of traditional measures in the era of volumetric MR imaging. Radiology 2017; 285(1): 197-205.
- Moron NF, Morriss M, Jones J, Hunter J. Lumps and bumps on the head in children: use of CT and MR imaging in solving the clinical diagnostic dilemma. Radiographics 2004; 24: 1655-1674.
- Mortazavi MM, Griessenauer CJ, Foreman P, Bavarsad Shahripour R, Shoja MM, Rozzelle CJ, Tubbs RS, Fisher WS, Fukushima T. Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformations: critical analysis of the literature with proposal of a new classification system. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2013; 12: 293-306.
- Mouchtouris N, Chalouhi N, Chitale A, Starke RM, Tjoumakaris SI, Rosenwasser RH, Jabbour PM. Management of cerebral cavernous malformations: from diagnosis to treatment. Scientific World Journal 2015; 2015: 808314.
- Nevins EJ, Das K, Bhojak M, Pinto RS, Hoque MN, Jenkinson MD, Chavredakis E. Incidental pineal cysts: is surveillance necessary? World Neurosurg 2016; 90: 96-102.
- Niehaus MT, Krape KN, Quinn SM, Kane BG. Frontal sinusitis complicated by a brain abscess and subdural empyema. Radiol Case Rep 2018; 13(2): 456-459.
- Parazzini C, Baldoli C, Scotti G, Triulzi F. Terminal zones of myelination: MR evaluation of children aged 20–40 months. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002; 23: 1669-1673.
- Post MJD, Thurnher MM, Clifford DB, Nath A, Gonzalez RG, Gupta RK, Post KK. CNS-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in the setting of HIV infection, part 1: overview and discussion of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome and cryptococcal-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013; 34(7): 1297-1307.
- Post MJ, Thurnher MM, Clifford DB, Nath A, Gonzalez RG, Gupta RK, Post KK. CNS-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in the setting of HIV infection, part 2: discussion of neuro-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome with and without other pathogens. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013; 34(7): 1308-1318.
- Priola AM, Gned D, Veltri A, Priola SM. Case 204: nonketotic hyperglycemia-induced hemiballism-hemichorea. Radiology 2014; 271: 304-308.
- Ranabir S, Baruah MP. Pituitary apoplexy. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 15(3): S188-196.
- Rastogi R, Bhargava S, Mallarajapatna GJ, Singh SK. Pictorial essay: salivary gland imaging. J. Radiol. Imaging 2012; 22: 325-333.
- Ray MJ, Barnett DW, Snipes GJ, Layton KF, Opatowsky MJ. Ruptured intracranial dermoid cyst. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2012; 25(1): 23-25.
- Raybaud CA, Strother CM, Hald JK. Aneurysms of the vein of Galen: embryonic considerations and anatomical features relating to the pathogenesis of the malformation. Neuroradiology 1989; 31: 109-128.
- Saleem SN, Said AH, Lee DH. Lesions of the hypothalamus: MR imaging diagnostic features. Radiographics 2007; 27(4): 1087-1108.
- Sanei Taheri M, Karimi MA, Haghighatkhah H, Pourghorban R, Samadian M, Delavar Kasmaei H. Central nervous system tuberculosis: an imaging-focused review of a reemerging disease. Radiol Res Pract 2015; 2015: 202806.
- Sarbu N, Shih RY, Jones RV, Horkayne-Szakaly I, Oleaga L, Smirniotopoulos JG. White matter diseases with radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 2016; 36: 1426-1447.
- Shah LM, McLean LA, Heilbrun ME, Salzman KL. Intracranial hypotension: improved MRI detection with diagnostic intracranial angles. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2013; 200(2): 400-407.
- Shih RY, Koeller KK. Bacterial, fungal, and parasitic infections of the central nervous system: radiologic-pathologic correlation and historical perspectives. Radiographics 2015; 35(4): 1141-1169.
- Smirniotopoulos JG, Murphy FM, Rushing EJ, Rees JH, Schroeder JW. Patterns of contrast enhancement in the brain and meninges. Radiographics 2007; 27: 525-551.
- Smith AB, Smirniotopoulos JG, Rushing EJ. From the archives of the AFIP: central nervous system infections associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection: radiologic–pathologic correlation Radiographics 2008; 28: 2033-2058.
- Soares BP, Provenzale JM. Imaging of herpesvirus infections of the CNS. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2016; 206: 39-48.
- Spetzler RF, Martin NA. A proposed grading system for arteriovenous malformations. J Neurosurg 1986; 65: 476-483.
- Srinivasan A, Goyal M, Al Azri F, et al. State-of-the-art imaging of acute stroke. Radiographics 2006;26:S75–S95.
- Starkey J, Kobayashi N, Numaguchi Y, Moritani T. Cytotoxic lesions of the corpus callosum that show restricted diffusion: mechanisms, causes, and manifestations. Radiographics 2017; 37: 562-576.
- Stevens CJ, Heran MK. The many faces of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. Br J Radiol 2012; 85: 1566-1575.
- Tai M-LS, Viswanathan S, Rahmat K, et al. Cerebral infarction pattern in tuberculous meningitis Sci Rep 2016; 6: 38802.
- Taylor MD, Northcott PA, Korshunov A, Remke M, Cho YJ, Clifford SC, Eberhart CG, Parsons DW, Rutkowski S, Gajjar A, Ellison DW, Lichter P, Gilbertson RJ, Pomeroy SL, Kool M, Pfister SM. Molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma: the current consensus. Acta Neuropathol 2012; 123(4): 465-472.
- Tiegs-Heiden CA, Eckel LJ, Hunt CH, Diehn FE, Schwartz KM, Kallmes DF, Salomão DR, Witzig TE, Garrity JA.Immunoglobulin G4-related disease of the orbit: imaging features in 27 patients. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2014; 35: 1393-1397.
- Tomandl BF, Klotz E, Handschu R, Stemper B, Reinhardt F, Huk WJ, Eberhardt KE, Fateh-Moghadam S. Comprehensive imaging of ischemic stroke with multisection CT. Radiographics 2003; 23: 565-592.
- Tong KA, Ashwal S, Holshouser BA, Shutter LA, Herigault G, Haacke EM, Kido DK. Hemorrhagic shearing lesions in children and adolescents with posttraumatic diffuse axonal injury: improved detection and initial results. Radiology 2003;227:332–39.
- U-King-Im JM, Yu E, Bartlett E, Soobrah R, Kucharczyk W. Acute hyperammonemic encephalopathy in adults: imaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2011; 32(2): 413-418.
- Verma RK, Kottke R, Andereggen L, Weisstanner C, Zubler C, Gralla J, et al. Detecting subarachnoid hemorrhage: comparison of combined FLAIR/SWI versus CT. Eur J Radiol 2013; 82: 1539-1545.
- Vernooij MW, Ikram MA, Tanghe HL, Vincent AJ, Hofman A, Krestin GP, Niessen WJ, Breteler MM, van der Lugt A. Incidental findings on brain MRI in the general population. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 1821-1828.
- Wang DJ, Pandey SK, Lee DH, Sharma M. The interpeduncular angle: a practical and objective marker for the detection and diagnosis of intracranial hypotension on brain MRI. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2019; 40: 1299-1303.
- Welker KM, Patton A. Assessment of normal myelination with magnetic resonance imaging. Semin Neurol 2012; 32: 15-28.
- Wright JN. CNS injuries in abusive head trauma. Am J Roentgenol 2017; 208: 991-1001.
- Yoon SC, Shin CH, Yang SW, Lee SY. Clinical and radiological features of pituitary stalk lesions in children and adolescents. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2014; 19(4): 202-207.
- Zaveri J, La Q, Yarmish G, Neuman J. More than just Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a radiologic review of histiocytic disorders. Radiographics 2014; 34(7): 2008-2024.
- Zuccoli G, Pipitone N. Neuroimaging findings in acute Wernicke’s encephalopathy: review of the literature. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2009; 192: 501-508.
- AbdelRazek MA, Mowla A, Farooq S, Silvestri N, Sawyer R, Wolfe G. Fibrocartilaginous embolism: a comprehensive review of an under-studied cause of spinal cord infarction and proposed diagnostic criteria. J Spinal Cord Med. 2016; 39(2): 146-154.
- Alkan O, Yildirim T, Tokmak N, Tan M. Spinal MRI findings of guillain-barré syndrome. J Radiol Case Rep 2009; 3(3): 25-28.
- Burns TM. Guillain-Barre syndrome. Semin Neurol 2008; 28: 152-167.
- Dutra BG, da Rocha AJ, Nunes RH, Maia ACMJ. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders: spectrum of MR imaging findings and their differential diagnosis. Radiographics 2018; 38(1): 169-193.
- Fardon DF, Williams AL, Dohring EJ, Murtagh FR, Gabriel Rothman SL, Sze GK. Lumbar disc nomenclature: version 2.0—recommendations of the combined task forces of the North American Spine Society, the American Society of Spine Radiology and the American Society of Neuroradiology. Spine J 2014; 14(11): 2525-2545.
- Harries LW, Watura R. Septic arthritis of unilateral lumbar facet joint with contiguous abscess, without prior intervention. BMJ Case Rep 2012; 2012: bcr0920114849.
- Hong SH, Choi JY, Lee JW, Kim NR, Choi JA, Kang HS. MR imaging assessment of the spine: infection or an imitation? Radiographics 2009; 29: 599-612.
- Jeng Y, Chen DY, Hsu HL, Huang YL, Chen CJ, Tseng YC. Spinal dural arteriovenous fistula: imaging features and its mimics. Korean J Radiol 2015; 16(5): 1119-1131.
- Jeon I, Jung WS, Suh SH, Chung TS, Cho YE, Ahn SJ. MR imaging features that distinguish spinal cavernous angioma from hemorrhagic ependymoma and serial MRI changes in cavernous angioma. J Neurooncol 2016; 130(1): 229-236.
- Khurana B, Sheehan SE, Sodickson A, Bono CM, Harris MB. Traumatic thoracolumbar spine injuries: what the spine surgeon wants to know. Radiographics 2013; 33: 2031-2046.
- Koeller KK, Shih RY. Intradural extramedullary spinal neoplasms: radiologic-pathologic correlation. Radiographics 2019; 39: 468-490.
- Kumar Y, Hayashi D. Role of magnetic resonance imaging in acute spinal trauma: a pictorial review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2016; 17: 310.
- Kunam VK, Velayudhan V, Chaudhry ZA, Bobinski M, Smoker WRK, Reede DL. Incomplete cord syndromes: clinical and imaging review. Radiographics 2018; 38(4): 1201-1222.
- Lee MJ, Aronberg R, Manganaro MS, Ibrahim M, Parmar HA. Diagnostic approach to intrinsic abnormality of spinal cord signal intensity. Radiographics 2019; 39:1824-1839.
- Lisanti C, Carlin C, Banks KP, Wang D. Normal MRI appearance and motion-related phenomena of CSF. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007; 188: 716-725.
- Lyders EM, Whitlow CT, Baker MD, Morris PP. Imaging and treatment of sacral insufficiency fractures. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2010; 31: 201-210.
- Marshall R, Milburn JM. Clinical images – a quarterly column: subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord. Ochsner J. 2013; 13(2): 183-185.
- Mohajeri Moghaddam S, Bhatt AA. Location, length, and enhancement: systematic approach to differentiating intramedullary spinal cord lesions. Insights Imaging 2018; 9(4): 511-526.
- Neto N, Nunnes P. Spectrum of MRI features of ganglion and synovial cysts. Insights Imaging 2016; 7(2): 179-186.
- Ostergaard M, Lambert RG. Imaging in ankylosing spondylitis. Ther Adv Musculoskelet Dis 2012; 4(4): 301-311.
- Panackal AA, Komori M, Kosa P, Khan O, Hammoud DA, Rosen LB, Browne SK, Lin YC, Romm E, Ramaprasad C, Fries BC, Bennett JE, Bielekova B, Williamson PR. Spinal arachnoiditis as a complication of cryptococcal meningoencephalitis in non-HIV previously healthy adults. Clin Infect Dis 2017; 64: 275-283.
- Pierce JL, Donahue JH, Nacey NC, Quirk CR, Perry MT, Faulconer N, Falkowski GA, Maldonado MD, Shaeffer CA, Shen FH. Spinal hematomas: what a radiologist needs to know. Radiographics 2018; 38: 1516-1535.
- Reardon MA, Raghavan P, Carpenter-Bailey K, Mukherjee S, Smith JS, Matsumoto JA, Yen C-P, Shaffrey ME, Lee RR, Shaffrey CI, Wintermark M. Dorsal thoracic arachnoid web and the “scalpel sign”: a distinct clinical-radiologic entity. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013; 34: 1104-1110.
- Riascos R, Bonfante E, Cotes C, Guirguis M, Hakimelahi R, West C. Imaging of atlanto-occipital and atlantoaxial traumatic injuries: what the radiologist needs to know. Radiographics 2015; 35(7): 2121-2134.
- Rivas-Garcia A, Sarria-Estrada S, Torrents-Odin C, Casas-Gomila L, Franquet E. Imaging findings of Pott’s disease. Eur Spine J 2013; 22 Suppl 4(Suppl 4): 567-578.
- Rodallec MH, Marteau V, Gerber S, Desmottes L, Zins M. Craniocervical arterial dissection: spectrum of imaging findings and differential diagnosis. Radiographics 2008; 28: 1711-1728.
- Roser F, Ebner FH, Sixt C, Hagen JM, Tatagiba MS. Defining the line between hydromyelia and syringomyelia. A differentiation is possible based on electrophysiological and magnetic resonance imaging studies. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2010; 152: 213-219.
- Roy AK, Slimack NP, Ganju A. Idiopathic syringomyelia: Retrospective case series, comprehensive review, and update on management. Neurosurg Focus 2011; 31(6): E15.
- Samartzis D, Gillis CC, Shih P, O’Toole JE, Fessler RG. Intramedullary spinal cord tomors: Part I – epidemiology, pathophysiology, and diagnosis. Glob Spine J 2015; 5: 425-435.
- Schultz R, Jr., Steven A, Wessell A, Fischbein N, Sansur CA, Gandhi D, Ibrahimi D, Raghavan P. Differentiation of idiopathic spinal cord herniation from dorsal arachnoid webs on MRI and CT myelography. J Neurosurg Spine 2017; 26: 754-759.
- Suh SH, Chung TS, Lee SK, Cho YE, Kim KS. Ventriculus terminalis in adults: unusual magnetic resonance imaging features and review of the literature. Korean J Radiol 2012;13(5):557-563.
- Talbott JF, Narvid J, Chazen JL, Chin CT, Shah V. An imaging based approach to spinal cord infection. Semin Ultrasound CT and MRI 2016; 37(5): 411-430.
- Zapadka M. Diffuse cauda equina nerve root enhancement. J Am Osteopath Coll Radiol 2012; 1(1): 34-37.
- Zidan MMA, Hassan IA, Elnour AM, Ali WM, Mahmoud MZ, Alonazi B, Khalid A, Ali S. Incidental extraspinal findings in the lumbar spine during magnetic resonance imaging of intervertebral discs. Heliyon 2018; 4(9): e00803.
