影像所见
诊断
外耳道闭锁
关键影像特征
- 外耳:
- 小耳畸形常伴EAC闭锁,但可通过临床查体良好评估,对放射科医师来说详细评估意义不大
- 正常EAC分为软骨部和骨部,直径应至少4 mm,通常由外向内走行略向上倾斜
- EAC闭锁可为纤维性或骨性 —— 报告闭锁板的性质和宽度对手术规划很重要
- 中耳:
- 正常中耳从耳蜗岬到鼓膜或闭锁板的距离应至少3 mm
- 可见多种听骨异常,包括形态异常、听骨间关节异常以及与中耳壁或听骨间的固定。虽然镫骨受累最少,但识别异常镫骨很重要,这是决定采用部分还是全听骨置换假体的主要因素
- 虽然通常正常,但评估卵圆窗和圆窗也很重要,因为它们是成功手术的必要条件
- 面神经走行异常常见,尤其是鼓室段向下走行覆盖在卵圆窗上方,使神经在手术时面临更大风险。乳突段可见异常分支,特别是下行乳突段走行异常靠前很重要,因为在耳道成形术中可能会损伤
- 这些患者先天性胆脂瘤发病率较高
鉴别诊断
- 无
要点
- 由于共同的胚胎学起源,外耳和中耳畸形常同时出现
- 在EAC闭锁病例中,应尝试确定闭锁部分为骨性还是纤维性
- 务必评估是否合并听骨异常、面神经走行异常(尤其是鼓室段向下走行和乳突段向前走行)以及卵圆窗和圆窗异常,以协助外科同事
- EAC闭锁患者发生先天性胆脂瘤的风险增加
讨论
- 外耳道(EAC)闭锁位于一系列发育异常的谱系内,被纳入更宽泛的"先天性耳道闭锁"范畴
- 第一和第二鳃弓(中胚层)负责中耳和外耳的形成,因此EAC闭锁常伴中耳畸形
- 相对地,内耳由耳基板(外胚层)发育而来,在EAC闭锁病例中通常正常
- EAC闭锁虽常为孤立征象,但可合并多种综合征,包括:
- Crouzon综合征(联想严重颅缝早闭和面中部发育不良)
- Treacher Collins综合征(联想下颌和面中部发育不良伴下颌后缩)
- Goldenhar综合征(联想非对称性小的面部结构和椎体分节异常)
- Pierre Robin综合征(联想小颌畸形、舌后坠以及腭裂或高拱腭)
- EAC闭锁导致传导性而非感音神经性听力下降
- 治疗选择包括:
- 骨锚式助听器以改善声音向内耳的传导
- 耳道成形术和鼓室成形术,可选做或不做听骨链重建
带注释的图像和插图
Normal morphology and orientation of the ossicles on the right (image on the left) with the handle of the malleus (green arrow) and long process of the incus (blue arrow) oriented perpendicular to each other. Abnormal morphology of the malleus and incus on the left (image on the right), which appear fused to the anterior wall of the middle ear (red arrow).
Normal course of the mastoid segment of the right facial nerve (image on the right, green arrow). Abnormal splitting of the mastoid segment of the left facial nerve with a larger canal coursing anteriorly (image on the right, red arrows).
Normal right EAC (image to the left) with normal cartilaginous and bony segments. Atretic left EAC (image to the right), with the approximate expected location of the EAC highlighted in yellow and the red dotted line measuring the width of the bony plate where the bony portion of the EAC should be.
Normal right side (image on the left) with the tympanic segment of the facial nerve coursing immediately inferior to the lateral semicircular canal, not obstructing the oval window. Abnormal left side (image on the right) with an abnormally inferior, partially uncovered tympanic segment of the facial nerve (red arrow).
Normal right (image on the left and abnormal left (image on the right) middle ears. Blunted appearance of the pyramidal eminence (red arrows) and shallow appearance of the facial recess (blue arrows) on the left. Green arrows indicate the sinus tympani.